This is gnutrition.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1.1 from gnutrition.texi. This is edition 0.34 of the manual for GNU GNUtrition, Version 0.34, last updated on 20 July 2026. Copyright (C) 2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright (C) 2025, 2026 Anton McClure. Copyright (C) 2001 Ian Haywood Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) GNU GNUtrition ************** * Menu: * Introduction:: * The Main Window:: * The Noninteractive Interface:: * The Nutrients in GNUtrition:: * GNU Free Documentation License:: * Bibliography::  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Introduction, Next: The Main Window, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Introduction ************** GNU GNUtrition is free nutrition analysis software for the GNU Operating System. The USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) is used as its source for food nutrient information. GNUtrition is maintained by Anton McClure (http://www.ocelot.cascaded.net/~anton/) . Please keep in mind that this documentation is currently incomplete, and some information may be missing or had since changed. These issues will be fixed in due time. * Menu: * Downloading GNUtrition:: * Running GNUtrition for the First Time::  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Downloading GNUtrition, Next: Running GNUtrition for the First Time, Up: Introduction 1.1 Downloading GNUtrition ========================== GNUtrition is freely available at . It is released under the GNU General Public Licence version 3 or later. See the file 'COPYING' for details. * Menu: * Requirements::  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Requirements, Up: Downloading GNUtrition 1.1.1 Requirements ------------------ GNUtrition requires the following packages: * Build-time * GNU Make * C compiler with C99 support (e.g., GCC) * ncurses development headers and library * sqlite3 development headers and library * libm (typically part of the C standard library on GNU/Linux) * Run-time * ncurses library * sqlite3 library * A USDA food database (included in tarball as: 'food.db')  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Running GNUtrition for the First Time, Prev: Downloading GNUtrition, Up: Introduction 1.2 Running GNUtrition for the First Time ========================================= Simply run the command: $gnutrition * Menu: * Entering your Information::  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Entering your Information, Up: Running GNUtrition for the First Time 1.2.1 Entering your Information ------------------------------- The profile options give you the option to enter your birthdate, your current height, your current weight, and your activity level. This is subject to change prior to GNUtrition 1.0. For example: the birthdate setting used to just be for your age in years as a number. While that was a simple system that worked with development testing, Anton changed it so that a user wouldn't need to remember to update the recorded age every year on his/her birthday.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: The Main Window, Next: The Noninteractive Interface, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top 2 The Main Window ***************** The main window shows you a daily budget based on USDA recommendations, along with the following options: * s 'Search' * l 'Log' * p 'Profile' * q 'Quit' The search tool lets you search by food names and descriptions. The log lets you view foods you add, and lets you edit those entries.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: The Noninteractive Interface, Next: The Nutrients in GNUtrition, Prev: The Main Window, Up: Top 3 The Noninteractive Interface ****************************** Along with the TUI mode, you can use GNUtrition in a noninteractive way as well. Below are the options for use in this mode: Option Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------- '--search=QUERY', '-s Search for foods matching QUERY. QUERY' '--info=CODE', '-i CODE' Show nutrient information for the specified food code. '--log=CODE', '-l CODE' Log the specified food code for the selected date. '--quantity=NUM', '-n Number of servings to log (default: 1.0). NUM' Used with '-l'. '--budget', '-b' Show today's food-group budget summary. '--calories=KCAL', '-c Set the daily calorie target (default: KCAL' 2000). '--bday=YEARS', '-B Provide birth date in YYYY-MM-DD for YEARS' calorie estimation. '--height=NUM', '-H NUM' Provide height for calorie estimation. '--weight=NUM', '-w NUM' Provide weight for calorie estimation. '--gender=f/m', '-g f/m' Provide gender for calorie estimation. '--measurement=u/m', '-M Provide measurement system for calorie u/m' estimation. '--activity=LEVEL', '-A Set activity level: sedentary, light, LEVEL' moderate, very-active, or extra-active. '--date=DATE', '-d DATE' Set the log/budget date (default: today). '--help', '-h' Display help and exit. '--version', '-V' Output version information and exit.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: The Nutrients in GNUtrition, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: The Noninteractive Interface, Up: Top 4 The Nutrients in GNUtrition ***************************** This chapter contains some notes on the nutrients analysed by GNUtrition. They are not a definitive guide, for detailed information refer to a standard text of nutrition or dietetics. * Menu: * Caveat:: * Macro nutrients:: * Vitamins:: * Metals:: * Amino acids:: * Lipids::  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Caveat, Next: Macro nutrients, Up: The Nutrients in GNUtrition 4.1 Caveat ========== When Ian was researching the information for the Recommended Daily Intakes (RDIs), he found the information conflicting but incomplete, so for some nutrients there may be a European value, a US value, and a UN value. In general, he chose the US value, in the hope this will be compatible with the database. If you know of a good reference for RDIs, we would be eager to hear from you, mail us at gnutrition@ocelot.cascaded.net (mailto:gnutrition@ocelot.cascaded.net) It also should be noted that RDIs are a _guide_ to nutrition, not the definition of it. Individuals may vary from the RDIs provided for many reasons. For example, active people need more energy and protein than inactive people, and illness increases the RDIs for almost everything. In summary, just because the program spits out a nice column of "100%", that doesn't automatically mean you have a healthy diet. The old rules about balance and lots of green vegetables still apply, we're afraid.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Macro nutrients, Next: Vitamins, Prev: Caveat, Up: The Nutrients in GNUtrition 4.2 Macro nutrients =================== Macro nutrients constitute the bulk of the food we eat, they provide energy and chemical building-blocks for tissues. Protein Proteins consists of long chains of *note amino acids: acids, to which it is broken down to in the digestive system. Much of these amino acids are reconstituted by the body to form human proteins. Human proteins are universal in the body: as enzymes they regulate chemical reactions within cells and the blood, they form tendons and ligaments which hold the body together, and they provide muscle with its ability to contract. Excess protein can be converted to sugar by the liver. Carbohydrate consists of sugar, and chains of sugar molecules called starches. Starches are broken down in a similar manner to protein. In plants and bacteria, carbohydrates provide structure, but in animals they are used for energy. Fat consists of fatty acids (*note lipids: lipids.), which are chains of carbon atoms with an acid group at the end. These fatty acids are linked in groups of three by glycerol. Once again, this structure is broken down in the gut, only to be re-formed in fat cells. Some fatty acids have special functions, but mostly fat is a store of energy. Alcohol Rightfully a drug, but its energy component, between fat and protein, can be significant in some people. There is no recommended intake for alcohol, but there are recommended maximum intakes, these being 40g a day for men and 20g a day for women. (1) Energy A total calculated from the above, which is expressed in both kilocalories (the traditional unit in chemistry), and kilojoules (the physicist's unit). There is a base requirement for energy, which can be estimated by age and weight. However, muscle mass requires more energy to maintain than fat mass, so persons of the same weight can have widely different base energy requirements. In addition, active people will obviously need more energy. Fibre is indigestible by human enzymes, and is largely excreted, or digested by bacteria in the large intestine. Nevertheless, it is very important, and often deficient in first-world diets. It dilutes toxins that build up the gut and retains water. It softens faeces and increases its volume, making bowel motions more efficient. Deficiency causes constipation, and has been linked to bowel cancer. Water Arguably the most important nutrient, in terms of amount (two-thirds of the body), and essentiality (people die of thirst long before they starve). ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) according to the Drug and Alcohol Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Vitamins, Next: Metals, Prev: Macro nutrients, Up: The Nutrients in GNUtrition 4.3 Vitamins ============ Vitamins are cofactors - special molecules which support various biochemical reactions within the body - required only in very small amounts, and can be stored for extended periods. They are divided into two groups: * Menu: * Fat-soluble vitamins:: * Water-soluble vitamins::  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Fat-soluble vitamins, Next: Water-soluble vitamins, Up: Vitamins 4.3.1 Fat-soluble vitamins -------------------------- Vitamin A is used for light-detecting chemicals in the retina of the eye, and maintaining proper skin moisture and softness. In deficiency, poor night vision, hard and rough skin, and anaemia can occur. Vitamin A is also an anti-oxidant and protects against cancer. Vitamin D regulates calcium. Deficiency leads to rickets (soft, malformed bones) in children. With adequate sunlight, the body can make its own vitamin D, so little or none is required by the diet. It is not included in the USDA database, and so not analysed by GNUtrition. Vitamin E is a strong anti-oxidant: it destroys cancer-causing chemicals called _free radicals_. No deficiency syndrome has been described. Vitamin K is used by the liver to make special proteins, which circulate in the blood. When a person is injured, these proteins help to form a clot. Intestinal bacteria can make vitamin K, however, it is also required in the diet, but in low amounts. It is not included in the database.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Water-soluble vitamins, Prev: Fat-soluble vitamins, Up: Vitamins 4.3.2 Water-soluble vitamins ---------------------------- Vitamin C is used in making collagen, a tough protein that provides a "glue" holding cells together. Vitamin C deficiency, known as _scurvy_, leads to easy bruising and bleeding, as lack of collagen weakens blood vessels. It also aids the absorption of iron, and may be an anti-oxidant. It is not a cure for the common cold. Vitamin B-1 (Thiamine) is used in the biochemical processes by which cells obtain energy from sugar. Deficiency causes mental disturbance, clumsiness, and double-vision, which can occur in alcoholics, and in third-world countries. Riboflavin; Niacin; Pantothenic acid are also important in energy utilisation by cells, by forming parts of different enzymes. Niacin deficiency causes _pellagra_, characterised by dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia. Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) is used for processing of amino acids, deficiency causes a type of anaemia. Folate is used for the synthesis of DNA. Deficiency leads to anaemia. In pregnant women, higher intakes protects against neural tube defects in their children. Vitamin B-12 is also used for DNA synthesis, also leads to anaemia when deficient. Only available in animal sources, so strict vegans require supplementation.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Metals, Next: Amino acids, Prev: Vitamins, Up: The Nutrients in GNUtrition 4.4 Metals ========== Iron is used mainly in haemoglobin, a chemical that binds oxygen in the blood, giving it its red colour. Deficiency, more common in women, leads to mild anaemia. Calcium is used mainly in bones, to provide mechanical strength. Low calcium intake has been linked to osteoporosis (weakening of the bones) in old people. Selenium is essential to an anti-oxidant enzyme, which works in a similar manner to Vitamin E. Potassium; Sodium are used to provide electrical potentials across nerve and muscle cell membranes, also to provide the necessary osmotic force in body fluids. Excess sodium was once linked to high blood pressure, but this is not emphasised today. Magnesium is used in controlling nerve impulses, deficiency causes weakness and tremors. Copper; Manganese; Zinc combine with specific proteins to form various different enzymes.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Amino acids, Next: Lipids, Prev: Metals, Up: The Nutrients in GNUtrition 4.5 Amino acids =============== Amino acids are the breakdown products of proteins. They are divided into two groups, essential and non-essential: Essential Non-essential -------------------------------- Histidine Glycine Isoleucine Glutamate Leucine Aspartate Lysine Proline Methionine Serine Phenylalanine Alanine Threonine Tryptophan Tryptophan Arginine Valine Table: The Amino Acids Deficiency of any of the nine leads to wasting as proteins cannot be made without them. This usually only occurs with a very monotonous vegan diet, where the chief food is a plant that does not have one or more essential amino acids. A varied vegetarian diet solves the problem. The other amino acids can be synthesised by the liver. The liver can also interchange two pairs: cysteine and methionine, and tyrosine and phenylalanine. This means a shortage of one can be made up from the other, so long as the total requirement is met. Amino acid supplements are of no proven benefit over proteins containing the amino acids (but are much more expensive).  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Lipids, Prev: Amino acids, Up: The Nutrients in GNUtrition 4.6 Lipids ========== Lipids include fatty acids (breakdown products of fat) and cholesterol. Fatty acids can be divided into three main groups: saturated (1), mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated. With these three the key is the _ratio_ - lots of saturated fatty acids, relative to the others leads to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Their specific chemical structures are available in organic chemistry or biochemistry textbooks, in general they consists of a varying chain of carbon-atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end. Fatty acids are used to make certain types of hormones, as well as to store energy. Two fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid, are essential for humans. Omega-3, and -6 Some fatty acids are referred to as "omega-3" and "omega-6". This refers to the location of a double bond from the final (omega) carbon atom in the fatty acid. It is believed that omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, may have beneficial health effects, but there is little hard evidence for this. Cholesterol can be made by the liver, so there is little dietary need. When we eat cholesterol, the liver compensates by making less. Contrary to popular belief, dietary cholesterol seems to have little effect on blood-cholesterol levels, instead saturated fatty acids seem to be more important. Phytosterols Not sure about these. May be one and the same as phyto-oestrogens, plant mimics of the female sex hormone. Intake is believed to control symptoms of menopause. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) 'saturation' in this sense refers to hydrogen. Ask an organic chemist.  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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: gnutrition.info, Node: Bibliography, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top 6 Bibliography ************** Robert Bateman, Hamlyn, _Every Boy's Handbook_, 1960. David Bender and Arnold Bender, Oxford, _Nutrition: A reference handbook_, 1997. Stephen G. Chancy, Wiley-Liss, _Principles of Nutrition I & II_, 1997. _Textbook of Biochemistry_, Edited by Thomas Devlin. Lubert Stryer, W. H. Freeman, _Biochemistry, 4th ed._, 1995. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, _Nutrient Database of Standard Reference, Release 21_ (http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl), 2008.  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